Like the rest of its population, Japan’s hunter ranks aren’t just aging—they’re also shrinking. Since 1970, Japan’s hunter numbers have fallen by more than half, as Japan Times rep...Apr 22, 2024. Hunting seasons are provided by the Oklahoma Department of Wildlife Conservation. Big game, turkey, migratory game bird, waterfowl, small game, furbearers.Oklahoma is well-positioned for rifle season. Through Nov. 9, deer checked in from archery, muzzleloader and youth deer rifle seasons has totaled 35,511 — slightly behind 2021's 36,200 from the ...Oct 3, 2022 · Miami, Okla. — Whether you’re looking for whitetail deer, waterfowl, turkey or hogs, Oklahoma’s diverse public hunting lands offer many types of expeditions with a variety of game and ... Oklahoma is well-positioned for rifle season. Through Nov. 9, deer checked in from archery, muzzleloader and youth deer rifle seasons has totaled 35,511 — slightly behind 2021's 36,200 from the same period. Of those 51% have been does or antlerless, higher than the 40%-45% biologists hope for to preserve the population.Hunting Season 2024-2023*. Antelope (Firearms) Sept 5-Jan 15. Antelope (Bow) Oct 1-14. I hope you have found this State hunting season information helpful in planning your next great hunting adventure. Please feel free to share this page with your hunting buddies.Jan 1, 2024 · Youth Deer Season. In addition to the general seasons, Oklahoma also offers a special Youth Deer Season. This season provides young hunters aged 6-17 with a chance to experience hunting and learn about wildlife conservation. The most highly anticipated day of the year for thousands of Oklahoma hunters arrives this Saturday, Nov. 18, as the state’s deer gun hunting season officially begins a half-hour before sunrise. For many sportsmen and sportswomen, this will be the best time to put venison in the freezer and maybe hang a trophy on the wall.During the upcoming deer hunting season, which is Dec. 18-31, hunters can harvest up to two antlerless deer that don't count toward their regular combined season limit. Oklahoma Department of Wildlife Conservation officials say several Wildlife Management Areas are open during the holiday antlerless season. Wildlife officials said …Archery season starts on October 1 st and is open until January 15 th. Deer Muzzleloader season is open the second to last weekend in October and closes on the …Jan 13, 2024 · In Oklahoma, archery hunting is a popular choice for pursuing big game such as deer. Hunters using archery equipment must ensure their bows have a minimum pull of 30 pounds at drawing or holding. Crossbows are also legal; however, they must have a minimum draw weight of 100 pounds and a mechanical safety. Woodward County SSA Map. A Selective Surveillance Area (SSA) has been established and includes the area between 183 Hwy, E County Road 54, Hwy 281, EW-36, N2280 Rd, E County Road 30, E County Road 297, E County Road 295, E County Road 29, S County Road 2183, State Highway 50, E County Road 34, S County Road 209, State Highway …The holiday season runs 14 days in all open zones, providing ample time for hunters to get out and help manage the state’s deer herd by increasing the antlerless deer harvest. Dallas Barber, Big Game Biologist for the Oklahoma Department of Wildlife Conservation, is hoping hunters will respond to help create a more balanced buck-to-doe ratio ...What are the 2023 Oklahoma deer season dates? Here is a look at when the various deer hunting seasons run in Oklahoma: Deer archery: Oct. 1, 2023 - Jan. 15, 2024; Youth deer gun: Oct. 20 - Oct. 22;When you invest in a car or recreational vehicle (RV), it’s important to protect your valuable asset from the elements. Oklahoma’s unpredictable weather can be harsh, with scorchin...Oklahoma Deer Season 2023 New Dates & Regulation. Deer hunting in Oklahoma is available from October 1st until the middle of January, and is regulated by the Oklahoma Department of Wildlife …No award in college football is more prestigious — or more coveted — than the Heisman Trophy. To date, Ohio State, Oklahoma and Notre Dame have the honor of producing the most Heis...Oklahoma hunting seasons for elk 2022-2023. Elk Archery: October 1, 2022 to January 15, 2023. Youth Elk Gun (statewide): October 14, 2022 to October 16, 2022. Elk Primitive Arms (Muzzleloading): October 22, 2022 to October 30, 2022. Elk Gun: November 19, 2022 to December 4, 2022. Archery: October 1, 2022 to October 5, 2022 and December 3, 2022 ...Deer muzzleloader season opens Oct. 22 and the deer gun season opens Nov. 19. ODWC Photo. Fall has arrived and so have the hunting seasons. Here are the key dates and regulation changes you should ...Baby deer keep their spots for 90 to 120 days. The spots fade as the fawn grows a thicker coat in preparation for winter weather. Therefore, deer born earlier in the season keep th...Updated US Hunting Seasons for 2021-2022. As part of our comprehensive guide to US Hunting Seasons By State on this page you will find out “When Is Hunting Season for Oklahoma?”. There is also general information on the different hunting seasons for a wide range of wild game species. You will find links to the relevant State …Oklahoma's big game archery seasons for deer, elk, bear and antelope open Oct. 1 across the state. The archery deer season is a long one, running through …When you invest in a car or recreational vehicle (RV), it’s important to protect your valuable asset from the elements. Oklahoma’s unpredictable weather can be harsh, with scorchin...Total Deer Harvest Up 9% for 2017-18. Hunters Set New Archery Season Record With Harvest of 29,094. With the 2017-18 deer season in the books, Oklahoma again proved why it is a great destination for deer hunters from across the country. The total harvest of 107,914 deer is up from last year’s harvest total of 99,023.Oklahoma Deer Season - Archery. Fri, Oct 1, 2021 12:00 AM Sat, Jan 15, 2022 12:00 AM; Google Calendar ICS This includes Youth Deer Gun, Deer Gun, Youth Elk Gun, Holiday Antlerless Deer Gun, Elk Gun & Antelope Gun seasons. Rifles: Centerfire rifles firing at least a 55-grain weight soft-nosed or hollow-point bullet. There is no restriction on magazine capacity regardless of caliber. Shotguns: Any centerfire shotgun firing a single slug, are legal. Using our free interactive tool, compare today's rates in Oklahoma across various loan types and mortgage lenders. Find the loan that fits your needs. Calculators Helpful Guides Co...Oklahoma Hunting Seasons Information and Regulations *All information listed below is disclosed based on research we have conducted. We do our best to ensure that all information is up to date and accurate. ... Oklahoma Deer Seasons. Archery: Oct. 1 – Jan. 15: Youth Hunt: Oct. 14 – 16: Muzzleloader: Oct. 22 – 30: Firearms: Nov. 19 – Dec ...Carl Albert’s 4x200-meter relay team was within 0.08 seconds of achieving its goal last season. Deontra Dukes, Byron Stubbs, Trystan Haynes and Trey Washington had a …Dec 6, 2011 ... Hi there, I just moved up into Oklahoma from Texas and while trying to find a hunting lease here I discovered the gun season is incredibly ...The muzzleloader season will be open until 20 bears have been harvested or the season ends. Hunters must check via telephone whether the quota has been reached before going hunting each day. Once the quota has been reached, the season will close. To check the status of the harvest quota: Call (888) 901-3256.Jul 23, 2021 · • Deer Gun Season ... 2021-2022 OKLAHOMA FISHING & HUNTING REGULATIONS. Created Date: 7/23/2021 9:47:25 AM ... Oklahoma Department of Wildlife Conservation | Oklahoma ... Miami, Okla. — Whether you’re looking for whitetail deer, waterfowl, turkey or hogs, Oklahoma’s diverse public hunting lands offer many types of expeditions with a variety of game and ...Oklahoma's black bear archery season in southeast Oklahoma opens Oct. 1 and runs through Oct. 17. A bear muzzleloader season follows from Oct. 23 to Oct. 31 but only 20 total can be taken during muzzleloader season. Once that limit is met, the season ends. Of the 72 bears killed by hunters last season, bow hunters accounted for 68 bears …Oklahoma Administrative Code, Title 800 - Department of Wildlife Conservation, Chapter 25 - Wildlife Rules, Subchapter 7 - General Hunting Seasons, Part 13 - DEER, Section 800:25-7-53 - Deer - gunOne deer was found with almost 10 lbs of plastic in its stomach. The famous and sacred deer of Nara, Japan’s former imperial capital, attract tourists from the world over. But the ...Oklahoma's most popular hunting season, the 16-day deer gun season, opens Nov. 19. An estimated 164,000 deer hunters were chasing whitetails and mule deer last year during the deer gun season. Through Wednesday, Oklahoma hunters had checked in 35,511 deer from the archery, muzzleloader and youth deer gun seasons, …Last year, about 81,000 hunters participated in Oklahoma's muzzleloader deer season. Muzzleloader hunters checked in 13,998 deer harvested during the nine-day season in 2015. This year's muzzleloader season for deer will close Oct. 30. Muzzleloader season for elk will remain open until Oct. 30 only in those elk hunting zones where the …Find the latest information on deer and turkey hunting seasons, license requirements, bag limits and more in Oklahoma. Learn about the regulation changes for 2023-24 hunting season, including extending squirrel season, decreasing hunter education course and opening holiday antlerless gun season.Including the gun seasons, a total of 126,290 deer were killed during the 2020-21 deer hunting seasons, the most ever in Oklahoma. There also was an increased participation in deer hunting, largely attributed to COVID-19 as the outdoors became one of the few safe places to be.The most highly anticipated day of the year for thousands of Oklahoma hunters arrives this Saturday, Nov. 18, as the state’s deer gun hunting season officially begins a half-hour before sunrise. For many sportsmen and sportswomen, this will be the best time to put venison in the freezer and maybe hang a trophy on the wall.Oklahoma’s most popular hunting season, the 16-day deer rifle season, opened Nov. 18. Deer hunting is big business in Oklahoma with a total economic impact of $600 million, according to the Oklahoma Department of Wildlife Conservation. The agency earned more than $7 million from the sale of deer licenses alone the last fiscal year, and that ...• Youth Deer Gun Season Oct 15-17 ... 2021-2022 OKLAHOMA FISHING & HUNTING REGULATIONS.Tornadoes are most likely occur in Oklahoma between late March and August. However, tornadoes can happen at any time of year in Oklahoma if the weather conditions are right. Oklaho...1. Oklahoma Wildlife Management Areas (WMAs): The state has over 80 WMAs covering more than 1.6 million acres. These are specifically managed by the Oklahoma Department of Wildlife Conservation (ODWC) for hunting, fishing, and outdoor recreation. Popular WMAs for deer hunting include Black Kettle, Beaver River, and Hickory Creek.Dec 15, 2023 · OKLAHOMA CITY (KOKH) — According to the Oklahoma Department of Wildlife Conservation (ODWC), this year’s holiday deer season will be open for 14 days from Dec. 18-31 statewide except the area ... Closed during the first nine days of deer gun season. Waterfowl; Hunting hours for waterfowl close at 1 p.m. daily on the WDU portions. Turkey Spring, Youth Turkey Spring; ... Oklahoma Tourism and Recreation Department Post Office Box 52002 Oklahoma City, OK 73152-2002 (800) 652-6552 or (405) 521-2409Muzzleloader Deer Opportunities. Below is a list of public areas that are open to Deer muzzlerloader season. Be sure to consult area specific regulations before going out. Some areas while open may not be open the entire season, but may also have restrictions as to what part of the areas you can hunt on for that seaon.I've sometimes found myself hunting bucks that roamed across hill and dale, covering several square miles during the course of the season. Deer like this often ... Oct 1, 2024 - Mar 15, 2025. Statewide, except no open season on jackrabbits east of Interstate 35. Daily Limit. Cottontail: 10 daily, 20 in possession after the first day. Swamp: Three daily, six in possession after the first day. Jackrabbit: Three daily, six in possession after the first day, except Cimarron, Texas and Beaver counties are 10 ... Nov 23, 2014 ... SHAWNEE, Okla. (AP) - Oklahoma game officials are urging motorists to be on the lookout for deer on state roadways this fall.Dec 6, 2011 ... Hi there, I just moved up into Oklahoma from Texas and while trying to find a hunting lease here I discovered the gun season is incredibly ...In 2022, the Wildlife Department was notified by the Texas Parks & Wildlife Department (TPWD) of a road-killed deer infected with chronic wasting disease (CWD) found 2.5 miles south of the Oklahoma-Texas border near Felt, Okla., in southwestern Cimarron County. With the proximity of this infected deer to Oklahoma's border, ODWC activated its ...0:04. 1:36. Oklahoma's most popular hunting season, the 16-day deer gun season, opens Nov. 21 statewide. Based on recent years, more than 150,000 hunters across the state are expected to participate in the gun season, which runs through Dec. 6. Last season, 106,337 deer were harvested by Oklahoma hunters for all seasons …Oklahoma’s most popular hunting season, the 16-day deer rifle season, opened Nov. 18. Deer hunting is big business in Oklahoma with a total economic impact of $600 million, according to the Oklahoma Department of Wildlife Conservation. The agency earned more than $7 million from the sale of deer licenses alone the last fiscal year, and …Antler Nation, Deer Hunting in Oklahoma, Oklahoma Deer Hunting. Oklahoma. Antler Nation; Oklahoma; A. 700,000. Est. Whitetail Population. 460,000. No. Licenses Sold Annually. $52 ... The holiday antlerless season is Dec. 18 through 31. These are the dates set when published. Check the Oklahoma Department of Wildlife Conservation …Apr 22, 2024. Hunting seasons are provided by the Oklahoma Department of Wildlife Conservation. Big game, turkey, migratory game bird, waterfowl, small game, furbearers.Oklahoma’s most popular hunting season, the 16-day deer rifle season, opened Nov. 18. Deer hunting is big business in Oklahoma with a total economic impact of $600 million, according to the Oklahoma Department of Wildlife Conservation. The agency earned more than $7 million from the sale of deer licenses alone the last fiscal year, and that ...No, the way HIP works is that if the hunter is not required to have a base hunting license, then they are not required to have HIP. So, under 18 will not have to have a HIP. On July 1, 2024, the new license structure will go into effect. Here are some common questions and answers about ODWC's new license structure.The commission voted to double the anterless bag limit during the muzzleloader and deer gun seasons in all parts of the state except the Panhandle and southeast Oklahoma. The antlerless bag limit will remain at one in the Panhandle (deer hunting zone one) and southeast Oklahoma (deer hunting zone 10) but those zones will …Are you planning a getaway to Lake Murray, Oklahoma? Look no further than the charming and picturesque cabin rentals available in this scenic area. With its beautiful lake surround...The muzzleloader season will be open until 20 bears have been harvested or the season ends. Hunters must check via telephone whether the quota has been reached before going hunting each day. Once the quota has been reached, the season will close. To check the status of the harvest quota: Call (888) 901-3256.In the Oklahoma panhandle, among rocky mesas and scrubby junipers, lives the mule deer. This close relative of the whitetail deer is unfamiliar to most Oklahomans, but in the western part of the United States, it is a familiar sight. ... Like its food habits, the activities of the mule deer are governed by the seasons. Mature bucks lead a ...Furbearer Regulations. Quail Regulations. Pheasant Regulations. Ducks, Mergansers & Coots Regulations. September Teal, Geese & Sandhill Cranes Regulations. Reptile & Amphibian Regulations. OLAP Regulations. Seasons & Limits. 2023-24 Hunting Seasons Summary.Meteorologist. This weekend will be busy in Oklahoma as gun season begins for deer hunters. It will be a fairly mild weekend with light winds, so there will likely be many Oklahomans taking advantage of the weather. Advertisement. >> Download the KOCO 5 App. "Gun season is kind of a Super Bowl we call it," said Micah Holmes with …On the opening day of Oklahoma’s bow season, Ethan Kile finally tagged a massive buck that he’d chased all through the 2022 season without success. He killed the 30-point buck on Oct. 1 while bowhunting a small, 40-acre parcel of private land in Gavin County. “Friends and I unofficially scored the buck via the Buckmasters system at 229 7/ ...When you invest in a car or recreational vehicle (RV), it’s important to protect your valuable asset from the elements. Oklahoma’s unpredictable weather can be harsh, with scorchin...Whether you want to attract deer to your backyard or you already have them and want to keep them around, there are some foods you can offer to entice them. Just be sure to check yo...Wister WMA covers 35,500 acres of central Leflore and eastern Latimer Counties in southeastern Oklahoma. Located around the 7,000-acre Wister Reservoir, along either side of Hwy. 59 and 271 south, south of the towns of Wister and Heavener. The area is a mixture of river bottoms, upland and foothills. The bottomland consists mainly of Oaks and ...Oklahoma Deer Season 2023 New Dates & Regulation. Deer hunting in Oklahoma is available from October 1st until the middle of January, and is regulated by the Oklahoma Department of Wildlife …State wildlife law requires anyone who takes a deer, elk, turkey or paddlefish to check in their harvest within 24 hours of leaving the hunting or fishing area, and, in all cases, before processing the carcass. This will be Oklahoma’s first elk gun hunting season on private land. The dates are the same as the deer gun season, but some elk ...Here are the key dates and regulation changes you should know for the upcoming 2022-23 hunting seasons in Oklahoma. Oct. 1: Big game archery seasons open for deer, elk, bear and antelope. Fall turkey season opens for archery. ... The holiday antlerless deer gun season opens across the state but is closed in the most of the …Oklahoma hunting seasons for elk 2022-2023. Elk Archery: October 1, 2022 to January 15, 2023. Youth Elk Gun (statewide): October 14, 2022 to October 16, 2022. Elk Primitive Arms (Muzzleloading): October 22, 2022 to October 30, 2022. Elk Gun: November 19, 2022 to December 4, 2022. Archery: October 1, 2022 to October 5, 2022 and December 3, 2022 ...Archery seasons for deer, elk, antelope, and black bear opened Sunday, and big-game muzzleloader seasons and a youth-only weekend rifle hunt lie ahead this … Oklahoma Hunting Season Dates. Oklahoma is no stranger to hunting. Offering mountains, forest and plains it is one of the best states for whitetail deer hunting and offers awesome opportunities for trophy deer hunting on public land. Oklahoma Deer Season 2023. Archery: October 1, 2023 - January 15, 2024. Youth Gun: October 15, 2023 ... Oklahoma hunting is getting a cutting-edge update, but some hunters aren't exactly thrilled about the change. Deer hunting season is only days away. This year, the state is doing away with check ...Oklahoma's most popular hunting season, the 16-day deer gun season, opens Nov. 19. An estimated 164,000 deer hunters were chasing whitetails and mule deer last year during the deer gun season. Through Wednesday, Oklahoma hunters had checked in 35,511 deer from the archery, muzzleloader and youth deer gun seasons, slightly behind last year's ...Nov. 19: The 16-day deer gun season opens statewide. Nov. 27: The first half of duck season closes in zones one and two. Dec. 1: Pheasant season opens in portions of northwest Oklahoma. Dove season reopens. Furbearer season opens. Dec. 3: The second half of duck season opens in zones one and two. Dec. 4: The last day of deer gun season. Dec. 18 ...Oklahoma’s most popular hunting season, the 16-day deer rifle season, opened Nov. 18. Deer hunting is big business in Oklahoma with a total economic impact of $600 million, according to the Oklahoma Department of Wildlife Conservation. The agency earned more than $7 million from the sale of deer licenses alone the last fiscal year, and … 1917 to 1922 – From western Oklahoma moving east, counties previously open to deer hunting are systematically closed to deer hunting. 1922 - All deer hunting in Oklahoma is prohibited. 1933 - First regulated deer season (five days) is held. Hunt is restricted to six southeast counties and Major County in western Oklahoma, resulting in the ... Deer hunting season in Oklahoma varies depending on the type of deer and the method of hunting. For white-tailed deer, archery season typically runs from …In 1996, it became legal in Oklahoma for deer hunters to use scopes on muzzleloaders, and 38,000 more deer hunting licenses were sold for the muzzleloader season. The Oklahoma Wildlife Conservation Department, along with other state wildlife agencies, were making more money from the increased sale of deer hunting licenses, and there was no ...Hunting Season 2024-2023*. Antelope (Firearms) Sept 5-Jan 15. Antelope (Bow) Oct 1-14. I hope you have found this State hunting season information helpful in planning your next great hunting adventure. Please feel free to share this page with your hunting buddies.
Youth Deer Season. In addition to the general seasons, Oklahoma also offers a special Youth Deer Season. This season provides young hunters aged 6-17 with a chance to experience hunting and learn about wildlife conservation.. Pch 250 000 a year for life
Help Desk: (833) 721-1035 | © 2024 Go Outdoors Oklahoma LLC - Oklahoma Department of Wildlife Conservation, Privacy PolicyIn 1996, it became legal in Oklahoma for deer hunters to use scopes on muzzleloaders, and 38,000 more deer hunting licenses were sold for the muzzleloader season. The Oklahoma Wildlife Conservation Department, along with other state wildlife agencies, were making more money from the increased sale of deer hunting licenses, …This is an interpretive summary of Title 29 and Title 800 Oklahoma statutes governing fish and wildlife laws as established by the Oklahoma Wildlife Conservation Commission and contains those rules that affect the average hunter or angler. For a complete listing of official regulations, you can obtain copies of current Oklahoma statutes through your local …Oklahoma Deer Population: An estimate of 750,000 whitetail deer or more in 2021 with about 2,000 mule deer. An upward population trend in 2022 and 2023. ... Oklahoma deer hunting season opens, as wildlife agency sees less funding due to …Oklahoma is well-positioned for rifle season. Through Nov. 9, deer checked in from archery, muzzleloader and youth deer rifle seasons has totaled 35,511 — slightly behind 2021's 36,200 from the same period. Of those 51% have been does or antlerless, higher than the 40%-45% biologists hope for to preserve the population.Sometimes things just work. Not everything Google does is decided by an algorithm. Google Maps for iPhone shows US users this map of Tulsa, Oklahoma, when the app can’t figure out ...In the 2022-2023 hunting season, the Oklahoma Department of Wildlife Conservation said preliminary numbers show hunters caught 128,796 deer. #2 Affordable Licenses and Tags Male white-tailed deer attain maturity the second breeding season after birth, or at about 18 months.Woodward County SSA Map. A Selective Surveillance Area (SSA) has been established and includes the area between 183 Hwy, E County Road 54, Hwy 281, EW-36, N2280 Rd, E County Road 30, E County Road 297, E County Road 295, E County Road 29, S County Road 2183, State Highway 50, E County Road 34, S County Road 209, State Highway …Oklahoma Department of Wildlife Conservation2020 Oklahoma Whitetail & Mule Deer Season Dates. Deer Archery: October 1, 2020 to January 15, 2021. Youth Deer Gun: October 16, 2020 to October 18, 2020. Deer Primitive Arms (Muzzleloading): October 24, 2020 to November 1, 2020. Deer Gun: November 21, 2020 to December 6, 2020.All deer harvested during the deer muzzleloader season contribute to the hunter's total season limit of six deer. Oklahoma Elk Seasons. Type: Dates: Elk Archery: Oct 1, 2023 - Jan 15, 2024: Youth Elk Gun: Oct 20, 2023 - Oct 22, 2023: Elk Muzzleloader: Oct 28, 2023 - Nov 5, 2023: Elk Gun:Jul 1, 2020 ... 6 deer, no more than 2 can be antlered, all seasons combined. A non resident hunting license, plus $300 for each of the different deer seasons ...Sometimes things just work. Not everything Google does is decided by an algorithm. Google Maps for iPhone shows US users this map of Tulsa, Oklahoma, when the app can’t figure out ...Like the rest of its population, Japan’s hunter ranks aren’t just aging—they’re also shrinking. Since 1970, Japan’s hunter numbers have fallen by more than half, as Japan Times rep...Each year the week before Oklahoma's deer rifle hunting season starts, we bring you our deer season special. We sit down with the ODWC's big game biologist a...Baby deer keep their spots for 90 to 120 days. The spots fade as the fawn grows a thicker coat in preparation for winter weather. Therefore, deer born earlier in the season keep th...What are the 2023 Oklahoma deer season dates? Here is a look at when the various deer hunting seasons run in Oklahoma: Deer archery: Oct. 1, 2023 - Jan. …Miami, Okla. — Whether you’re looking for whitetail deer, waterfowl, turkey or hogs, Oklahoma’s diverse public hunting lands offer many types of expeditions with a variety of game and ...Archery seasons for white-tailed deer, elk, antelope, and black bear open Saturday, the most popular of which is deer. Archery hunting, with traditional bows and crossbows, accounted for 30 percent of the 117,629 deer killed by Oklahoma hunters in the 2021-22 season, according to Dallas Barber, big game biologist for the Oklahoma Department of ...Antler Nation, Deer Hunting in Oklahoma, Oklahoma Deer Hunting. Oklahoma. Antler Nation; Oklahoma; A. 700,000. Est. Whitetail Population. 460,000. No. Licenses Sold Annually. $52 ... The holiday antlerless season is Dec. 18 through 31. These are the dates set when published. Check the Oklahoma Department of Wildlife Conservation ….