How to fill black soul gems in skyrim - From the Badlands to the Black Hills and beyond. If there was one state made for RVing, it just might be South Dakota. Join Phil on this soulful journey from the Badlands to the Bl...

 
There is a very powerful Black soul gem that can have an unlimited amount of black souls pass through it (only one at a time) without the gem disappearing. its called the black star and is.... Hie reading plus answers

How to fill a Black Soul Gem in Skyrim. Well, now that the forage for our Black Soul Gem is done, let’s find a way that we can take advantage of all the things it has to offer (and there are plenty). Method 1. There are two ways that one can fill a Black Soul Gem; enchanting a weapon and then killing one of the above-mentioned creatures with it.If you don't want to kill someone and take their soul, there's 'fissures' you can encounter late in the dawnguard/volkihar questline that can automatically fill soul gems for you. You can even find black soul gems in that area. There's also some bosses you have to kill in that area that drop filled black soul gems upon death. Honestly, black ...Filled soul gems can be found throughout the world, but can also be created through the spell Soul Trap. Another way to easily fill soul gems is by getting the Conjuration skill Soul Stealer ...That's the right one. It would have taken a whole five seconds to try it yourself :P. just go around and kill some mammoth, they have grand souls and they are everywhere... If you use HELP "GRAND SOUL GEM" 4 in the console it will return you 2 item ID numbers. One is for filled, the other is for empty.In The Elder Scrolls V: Skyrim for the PC, PS3, and Xbox 360, soul gems are used to trap souls, which can then be used to enchant or recharge magical equipment. In order to fill a soul gem, you need to use a form of the Soul Trap spell. You can either cast the spell yourself, or enchant a weapon with the Soul Trap enchant.Merchant-bought Grand souls fuel my equipment. I only fill black soul gems with evil characters - necromancers, Dark Brotherhood, Thalmor Justicars, bandit chiefs, etc. I don’t fill them with enemy soldiers in the Civil War questline, Forsworn, Silver Hand, or other hostile people who fight honorably.RELATED: Skyrim: How to Fill Soul Gems Soul Gem Merchants . In all of Skyrim, there are exactly two merchants who stock black soul gems.The first one is Falion, the wizard of Morthal. Unlike many ...Avanchnzel in the chest before the elevator in Avanchnzel. Bard's Leap Summit, at the base, inside a chest in a tent in the Forsworn encampment. Black soul gems can be created from grand or greater soul gems completing the quest, "Dreams of the Dead," located at Gallows Hall. Bloodchill Cavern (x2) (Bloodchill Manor improved mod) Brittleshin ...MAPS https://imgur.com/gallery/qR4QPxUThis is the guide to how to create Black Soul Gems in TESIV: Oblivion, the things you need to make them, and where to...Boards. The Elder Scrolls V: Skyrim. Glitch with soul cairn giant soul gems. *SPOILERS*. BenjUK55 11 years ago #1. Ok, so in the soul cairn there are the gaint black soul gems that absorb your hp, you eat the soul husk to negatew the effect right? Well, I did that, now the beam of light that goes from the soul gem to th PC won't go away.In The Elder Scrolls V: Skyrim for the PC, PS3, and Xbox 360, Black soul gems are needed in order to trap the souls of humanoids that can’t go into regular soul gems. In order to fill a soul gem, you need to use a form of the Soul Trap spell. You can either cast the spell yourself, or enchant a weapon with the Soul Trap enchant.Enchantments are an integrally potent mechanic in The Elder Scrolls 5: Skyrim that reserves its own skill tree in the game akin to Alchemy and Smithing. Enchanting weapons, armor, and items tailor ... The following is a list of Soul Gem IDs in The Elder Scrolls V: Skyrim. To receive the soul gem you want, type the following in the console: player.AddItem <itemID> <#> "<itemID>" is the soul gem's ID and "<#>" is the number of those soul gems you want. All pre-filled soul gems contain a soul of the same size. Soul gems containing souls smaller than the gem can only be created by the player by ... These special Soul Gems come through completing Skyrim’s Black Star quest, which can be initiated by speaking with Aranea Lenith at the Shrine of Azura just outside of Winterhold, and the Black ...What kind of enemies fill (grand soul gems)? well thats my first question but also is there a way to soul trap dragons with a spell or weapon or whatever treid a couple times said dragon resists soul capture. or is it somethin like U have to have a black soul gem to do it or somethin.While exploring in The Elder Scrolls 5: Skyrim players will find items called Soul Gems, but they are useless until the spell Soul Trap is obtained. This allows a slain enemy's soul to fill the ...Here's a quick and easy way to fill a black soul gem with the proper soul. It's necessary for curing vampirism and saves you from having to break into house... A Black Soul Gem is a special type of Soul Gem that can capture the souls of humanoid mobs and Ghosts. They are as powerful as Grand Soul Gems, and can also capture lesser souls. These can often be found in dungeons with necromancers, the College of Winterhold quests, they are also sold by Enthir in the College of Winterhold and Falion in Morthal. The Black Star is a reusable Black Soul Gem ... Boards. The Elder Scrolls V: Skyrim. Glitch with soul cairn giant soul gems. *SPOILERS*. BenjUK55 11 years ago #1. Ok, so in the soul cairn there are the gaint black soul gems that absorb your hp, you eat the soul husk to negatew the effect right? Well, I did that, now the beam of light that goes from the soul gem to th PC won't go away.Pick up the soul gem that is near Naara's corpse and head towards the table in the center of the room. Place all four soul gems (the three found in the dream, plus the one just now obtained) into the soul gems on the holders and activate the center of the altar. This will transform all four Greater Soul Gems into Black Soul Gems.Unless you keep counting the number of gems of each type, you'll end up with weak ones. However apparently dropping the soul gem works to free the soul, emptying it. Waterbreathing enchant + transmute ore + petty gems = Proudspire is pocket change. 25 Petty. 20 Lesser. 15 Common. 10 Greater. 05 Grand. 02 Black.Step 1 : Get banishing Enchantment. Step 2 : Get a lot of unenchanted weapons (I had about 200 Iron Daggers when i started myself) Step 3 : Go buy all the Petty and lesser filled SG's you can (Court wizards, general stores, etc) Step 4 : Go use them all to enchant the weapons with banishing.Wholesale clearance pallets are a treasure trove for savvy entrepreneurs and bargain hunters alike. These pallets, filled with a wide variety of products, offer an opportunity to u...May 31, 2013 · WWE Champion CM Punk·5/31/2013in Skyrim. How do you fill the Black soul gem. (Edited by WWE Champion CM Punk) 0. 7. 1. AzuraKnight·5/31/2013. Cast Soul Trapon and then kill Humanoid races (Human Elf khajiit etc any that the player can pick to be) with the black soul gemin your inventory. This is easier using a weapon enchanted with soul trap ... Cast Soul Trap, then kill the enemy, and the gem will get charged. If you have a weapon with the Soul Trap enchantment, that'll work as well. Note that regular soul gems will only work on creatures like wolves, and NOT Npcs (like bandits). To soultrap sentient souls, you'll need to acquire black soul gems.Filling Soul Gems . In order to capture a soul, you need a Soul Gem. The gem size that is filled depends on what creature's soul is trapped. NPC souls can only be trapped in Black Soul Gems. Souls will always fill the smallest empty Soul Gem that can accommodate it. If no gem stones of the soul's level are available, it will look for ...Only the rare black soul gem can hold the soul of a higher creature, such as a man or an elf. While the souls of lesser creatures can be captured by gems of many colors, they are all categorized as white soul gems. Hence the division of souls into black and white. White souls are far safer than black souls, although not as powerful.How to fill the black soul gem so you can perform the ritual to cure vampirism.1. Make sure you have the spell "Soul Trap"2. Use Soul Trap on a human enemy. ...Mammoths will fill grand gems with grand souls. Black soul gems take the souls of people (elves, kahjit, orcs, humans). Only Asura's Star can be reused - you'll need good armour & elemental resistance when you do that quest. I prefer to purify the the star but some people find it more convenient to corrupt Asura's Star to act like a black soul gem.Finally, find one of the Smelters, like the one near Raven Rock Mine. Smelt down all your Dwarven scrap metal, and you will receive dozens of Dwarven Metal Ingots in Skyrim. And here's how many ...The lesser draugr will fill up your petty and lesser soul gems. The higher ranking your common and greater but the Draugr Deathlord will make it into your Grand soul gem. Leave the giants and mammoths alone. If you want to fill black soul gems go after the bandits. Of course it's open seaon on the Thalmor I can't think of a nicer place …Learn soul trap and add it to your weapons using a filled soul gem and an enchanting table. If the target died within a certain time frame (that will be shown when you add the soul trap), their soul will fill a gem. Then, you use the filled soul gems to charge your weapons or whatever else you want.Soul cairn soul gems are mostly all already filled so if you head there you'll get 30-40 soul gems just running around dicing skeletons for 15 mins. CC. Get the fiery soul trap enchantment from ironbind barrow and put it on your main weapon. Early game, get Mace of Molag Bal. Late game, buy them. Genocide. This is indeed a useful ability, since any black Soul has a grand level. But to fill the Black Soul Gem in Skyrim, you must use a Soul Trap spell or weapon enchantment on the victim and then kill ... How to fill the black soul gem so you can perform the ritual to cure vampirism.1. Make sure you have the spell "Soul Trap"2. Use Soul Trap on a human enemy. ...Skyrim:Souls. This article is about the souls in soul gems. For the NPCs in the Soul Cairn, see Soul. Every soul in Skyrim is one of six possible strengths: Petty, Lesser, Common, Greater, Grand, and Black. More powerful creatures have more powerful souls. Souls are trapped in soul gems by using a soul trap spell or effect.Then, with the now empty gems (an easy couple of console commands will do the trick), he'll be free to mete out his brand of twisted justice to those he feels are worthy. The Ancanos of the world. Ancano can keep his feet warm. …Therefore, to fill a Black Soul Gem in Skyrim, players must slay and trap the soul of a human-like person, such as a Breton, Elf, or Orc. Due to this unique ability, …Filled soul gems can be found throughout the world, but can also be created through the spell Soul Trap. Another way to easily fill soul gems is by getting the …Nov 11, 2011 · The same way as a regular soul gem. Find an enemy, cast soul trap on it, then kill it to fill the gem. I'm not exactly sure if you need a grand soul or if any type of soul will do. If you don't have soul trap, the tome can be randomly bought from wizards. Use soul trap on target. Kill target. Soul gem filled. Skyrim: How to Fill a Black Soul Gem If you want to cure vampirism or enchant your equipment, you should definitely learn how to fill the Black Soul Gem in Skyrim.Black Soul Gems or Illegal souls gems[1] are soul gems that can contain the souls of "higher" creatures, such as men or mer.[2] They are associated with the art of necromancy, and the God of Worms, Mannimarco, who also has the power to transform white soul gems into black.[3] Black Soul Gem (Oblivion) Black Soul Gem (Skyrim) Black Soul Gem (Legends) Black Soul Gems were developed either during ...InvestorPlace - Stock Market News, Stock Advice & Trading Tips Have you considered adding a medical products stock to your holdings? There are... InvestorPlace - Stock Market N...If you can defeat Seekers and Lurkers, Apocrypha is a great place to find black soul gems. I'd rather avoid buying them from merchants, as they have a base price of 300~750G, unless I'm that desperate to cure vampirism/get a grand soul. If the Black Star qualifies, you'd better have it with you prior to becoming a vampire! The Black Star is essentially an infinite black soul gem. It can hold a human soul, and won’t be destroyed upon use, allowing you to fill it again. If it is the only soul gem in your inventory, it will be filled by whatever soul you trap, whether that’s a lesser or black soul. You need to use that soul before it can be filled again. While exploring in The Elder Scrolls 5: Skyrim players will find items called Soul Gems, but they are useless until the spell Soul Trap is obtained. This allows a slain enemy's soul to fill the ...Switzerland is a dream destination for many travelers. This central European country calls to people from all over the globe, and many people answer that call By: Author Christy Ar...Corfu is a magical island that is filled with cultures and histories. It was one of the hidden gems of the world; however, it has now become a hot spot for tourists. 15 of the most...Nov 10, 2011 · Soul Trap enchantments or a Soul Trap scroll. You can get weapon enchantments that fill a soul gem if you kill an enemy within x seconds. Weaker ones fill soul gems if you kill within 3 seconds, and stronger ones give you more time. It's pretty cool when you do that, the effect after your killing blow is like a Quickening from Highlander ... To fill your Black Soul Gem with a soul, you’ll need to kill a human with a Soul Trap spell, or a weapon enchanted with Soul Trap. You can buy Soul Trap tomes or scrolls from mages. Return to ... To spawn this item in-game, open the console and type the following command: player.AddItem 0002E500 1. To place this item in-front of your character, use the following console command: player.PlaceAtMe 0002E500. Black Soul Gems are merely for convenience. It's a much easier way to get a Grand Soul by killing the weakest bandit (since any bandit will fill a Black Soul Gem with a Grand Soul) rather than a mammoth, which award Grand Souls as well. RELATED: Skyrim: How to Fill Soul Gems Soul Gem Merchants . In all of Skyrim, there are exactly two merchants who stock black soul gems.The first one is Falion, the wizard of Morthal. Unlike many ... 796. 288K views 11 years ago. Here's a quick and easy way to fill a black soul gem with the proper soul. It's necessary for curing vampirism and saves you from having to break into...The same way as a regular soul gem. Find an enemy, cast soul trap on it, then kill it to fill the gem. I'm not exactly sure if you need a grand soul or if any type of soul will do. If you don't have soul trap, the tome can be randomly bought from wizards. Use soul trap on target. Kill target. Soul gem filled.The main benefit of acquiring The Black Star is the bonus that it offers to enchanters; the star is essentially a reusable black soul gem. Enchanting objects with The Black Star merely uses up the soul that it was carrying, but the star will be able to be reused to store another soul like a regular soul gem. The Black Star also has one clear ...Reader Mary shares her thoughts of the property in her Cliffrose Curio review. A great option for Zion National park visitors. Increased Offer! Hilton No Annual Fee 70K + Free Nigh...The two best Soul Gems in Skyrim are the Black and Grand Soul Gems. The notable difference between these gems is the type of souls they can absorb. ... Skyrim: Grand Soul Gems vs. Black Soul Gems (& How to Fill Them) By Ethan Webb . Published Dec 8, 2021 ...1 Answer. Soul gems, no matter the type are all filled up the same way. Use Soul Trap on a humanoid enemy or if you have one, use a weapon with the soul trap enchantment on it in order to absorb the soul. Find some human somewhere and do this to fill it up. It wont work if you kill a deer or something. How do you fill a black soul gem?Dec 19, 2023 · Enchanting Items with Soul Gems: Enchanting items with soul gems is not only a powerful way to enhance your gear but also a means to maximize your soul gem capacity. By using a soul gem to enchant an item, you infuse it with the captured soul’s power, granting the item special abilities. If by chance you accidentally fill a larger soul gem with a lesser soul, you can drop it to the ground and pick it back up. Dropping soul gems to the ground causes them to lose the stored soul and this prevents the waste of larger gems filled with smaller souls.Any Dwemer ruin is a great place to both pick up and fill soul gems. Lots of Falmer and chauruseseseses. Also, you can get all that Dwemer scrap metal to turn into ingots and raise your smithing. Bloated Man's Grotto has a lot of wildlife from rabbits to Spriggans.A'tor's Soul Gem also known as N'Gasta's Amulet, this soul gem was a red diamond with a dragon setting that housed the soul of Crown Prince A'tor before it was transferred to the Soul Sword. Quintilla 's Werewolf Gem — A soul gem cut and shaped into a gemstone. The only known soul gem to be enchanted and re-enchanted.Filled soul gems can be found throughout the world, but can also be created through the spell Soul Trap. Another way to easily fill soul gems is by getting the Conjuration skill Soul Stealer ...There is a very powerful Black soul gem that can have an unlimited amount of black souls pass through it (only one at a time) without the gem disappearing. its called the black star and is...Dwemer ruins are a good place to find soul gems. Most dwarven automatons carry one in their inventory. Here is a list of the sizes of souls that enemies have. Also, once you get sick of filling them individually, check out the follower soul gems glitch to fill bulk soul gems. Will save you a ton of time.In this video guide, we'll show you how to fill Soul Gems using the Soul Trap spell, Soul Trap enchanted weapons, Bound Weapons, and Soul Fissure in Soul Cai...Easy Way to Fill Soul Gems. If you take a stack of soul gems (more than 8 is a stack) and give them to a companion with a soul trap weapon (it's is best to give them a bow and melee weapon so they don't mess it up), when they kill something, it will fill the entire stack of soul gems. This is quicker and easier than hunting to fill your soul gems.Feb 23, 2017 · Skyrim - How to Fill a Black Soul Gem-Here's an easy guide on how to fill a black soul gem in Skyrim. This is a simple tutorial that will show you the step b... Black soul gems hold any mob—humanoid or non-humanoid—regardless of level. So if you want to use your grand soul gems efficiently, you'll want to reserve them for mobs level 39 or higher. But determining the mob's level is the tricky part. You can use the console command getlevel.Soul gems not stacking... chrisjfinlay 12 years ago #1. I'm carrying a vast quantity of soul gems of all sizes, and they used to stack neatly - as such: Grand Soul Gem (Grand) (2) Grand Soul Gem (Common) (3) Petty Soul Gem (3) Petty Soul Gem (Petty) (8) etc etc - you get the point. Now, I'm fairly sure some of my soul gems are actually nicked ...Complete the black star quest (research it). Make sure you have no soul gems in your inventory. Learn soul trap enchant (buy a weapon from a merchant and disenchant it). Enchant soul trap on your weapon, then kill something to refill the black star quest reward. Recharge your weapon, rinse and repeat.Trent Hawkins. 18.4k 13 77 97. asked May 27, 2016 at 17:16. Hidexii. 355 4 8 16. A draugr should fill a black sould gem just fine. Related: …To fill your Black Soul Gem with a soul, you’ll need to kill a human with a Soul Trap spell, or a weapon enchanted with Soul Trap. You can buy Soul Trap tomes or scrolls from mages. Return to ...Ther Black (Azuras) Star is a good call but can only fill it with one grand soul at a time. Killing Mammoth iirc will also get you a grand soul and you wont need a black soul gem or the Black Star to capture it, just the normal grand soul gems. First things you should enchant are a full set of alchemy stuff (ring, necklace, gloves and helm) and ...Look up info on the questline to get the Black Star, which is a reusable soul gem that will take a humanoid soul (which seem to always be grand). Then any old bandit can be sucked up into that thing. Also, draugrs and skeletons and the like are White souls, so you can just go in a dungeon with a bunch of those guys (with a weapon enchanted with ...May 1, 2023 · From the UESP wiki, "Skyrim: Soul Gems" article (emphasis mine): Occasionally, dropping a soul gem you filled yourself onto the ground will cause it to lose its charge without breaking. This allows you to clear out an unwanted soul from a soul gem (for example, if you put a petty soul into a grand soul gem) without losing the soul gem itself. But if you start with an empty Grand Soul Gem then fill it with a soul, it will work. Any Grand Soul Gem that you have filled yourself (i.e., any one that will work) will have a value of 200 gold (see Soul Gems). Even filled Grand Soul Gems purchased from merchants could be converted to Black Soul Gems. A Grand Soul Gem will lose its stolen ...While exploring in The Elder Scrolls 5: Skyrim players will find items called Soul Gems, but they are useless until the spell Soul Trap is obtained. This allows a slain enemy's soul to fill the ...In The Elder Scrolls V: Skyrim for the PC, PS3, and Xbox 360, Black soul gems are needed in order to trap the souls of humanoids that can’t go into regular soul gems. In order to fill a soul gem, you need to use a form of the Soul Trap spell. You can either cast the spell yourself, or enchant a weapon with the Soul Trap enchant.Base Value. 300 empty 750 with a Grand Soul. ID. 0002e500 (empty) 0002e504 (filled) A Black Soul Gem is a special type of Soul Gem that can capture the souls of humanoid mobs and Ghosts. They are as powerful as Grand Soul Gems, and can also capture lesser souls.But to fill the Black Soul Gem in Skyrim, you must use a Soul Trap spell or weapon enchantment on the victim and then kill them. All you need is to have at least one...

These special Soul Gems come through completing Skyrim’s Black Star quest, which can be initiated by speaking with Aranea Lenith at the Shrine of Azura just outside of Winterhold, and the Black .... Power outage jenks

how to fill black soul gems in skyrim

Soul Gems are naturally-occurring magic stones that house the souls of the dead. Used for enchanting weapons and armor at an arcane enchanter or for recharging previously enchanted weapons, soul gems come in various sizes and strengths: petty, lesser, common, greater, grand and black. Capturing souls in soul gems is typically done with the Soul ...Apr 11, 2021 · Here's a quick guide to filling up a soul gem. RELATED: New Skyrim Mod Improves Children NPCs. ... with all but a Black Soul Gem unable to hold humanoid souls. A soul gem can only be used once ... From the UESP wiki, "Skyrim: Soul Gems" article (emphasis mine):. Occasionally, dropping a soul gem you filled yourself onto the ground will cause it to lose its charge without breaking. This allows you to clear out an unwanted soul from a soul gem (for example, if you put a petty soul into a grand soul gem) without losing the soul gem …If you don't want to kill someone and take their soul, there's 'fissures' you can encounter late in the dawnguard/volkihar questline that can automatically fill soul gems for you. You can even find black soul gems in that area. There's also some bosses you have to kill in that area that drop filled black soul gems upon death. Honestly, black ...A mid level Soul Gem; Fills when Soul Trap is successful on any of the following: Cave Bear Chaurus Reaper Curalmil Draugr Overlord Draugr Scourge Draugr Scourge Lord Falmer Nightprowler Frost Atronach Frost Troll Hagraven Snow Bear Spriggan Matron Udefrykte When filled provides 800 charges when applied via Enchanting.Here's a quick and easy way to fill a black soul gem with the proper soul. It's necessary for curing vampirism and saves you from having to break into house...Corfu is a magical island that is filled with cultures and histories. It was one of the hidden gems of the world; however, it has now become a hot spot for tourists. 15 of the most...Go to Blackreach and look for Geode Veins. Mining these veins will give you Soul Gems along with other ores. Make sure that you have an axe on you. You can also look for Falmer Hives in Blackreach ...Choosing among a wide selection of new construction and replacement window brands can be overwhelming. In your process of finding the best window product, Expert Advice On Improvin...Black soul gems hold any mob—humanoid or non-humanoid—regardless of level. So if you want to use your grand soul gems efficiently, you'll want to reserve them for mobs level 39 or higher. But determining the mob's level is the tricky part. You can use the console command getlevel.RELATED: Skyrim: How to Fill Soul Gems Soul Gem Merchants . In all of Skyrim, there are exactly two merchants who stock black soul gems.The first one is Falion, the wizard of Morthal. Unlike many ...Unless you keep counting the number of gems of each type, you'll end up with weak ones. However apparently dropping the soul gem works to free the soul, emptying it. Waterbreathing enchant + transmute ore + petty gems = Proudspire is pocket change. 1. Reply.If by chance you accidentally fill a larger soul gem with a lesser soul, you can drop it to the ground and pick it back up. Dropping soul gems to the ground causes them to lose the stored soul and this prevents the waste of larger gems filled with smaller souls.5. Black soul gems are essentially grand soul gems that can trap or store the souls of humanoid (player) races. If you dont have an empty black soul gem in your inventory when you kill a humanoid NPC (like a bandit or imperial soldier) that you have applied the soul trap effect on, you get the "you don't have a soul gem in your inventory ...Answers. You fill it the same way you fill any other soul gem; use soul trap or a weapon with a soul trap enchantment to kill an enemy whose soul can be absorbed by the soul gem in your inventory. In this case, Azura's Star acts like a grand soul gem, meaning that it can hold any sized soul except for black. As for using it, it works like any ...The highest level of Soul Gems; Fills when Soul Trap is used successfully on any of the following: Dragon Priests Draugr Death Overlords King Olaf One-Eye Mammoths When filled provides 1,600 charges when applied via Enchanting. Black Soul Gem Azura's Star is a reusable Grand Soul Gem that can be obtained during "The Black Star" quest. The Black Star is a different reusable Grand Soul Gem that ...You fill soul gems by casting a trap soul spell on a living enemy and killing them before the spell wears off or use a weapon that has soul trap enchantment, the black soul gems are the only gems big enough to hold npcs and bandits (human level enemies), soul gems can be sold for a lot of money (if full), to enchant your own equipment or to recharge …Jul 8, 2023 · Black soul gems were a big deal back in Oblivion, but they're relatively commonplace 200 years later in The Elder Scrolls 5: Skyrim. These gems can appear in random loot, especially in mage ... Subscribe Now:http://www.youtube.com/subscription_center?add_user=ehowtechWatch More:http://www.youtube.com/ehowtechSpawning filled grand soul gems in "Skyri....

Popular Topics